Manual "Chemistry" - students

Table of Contents:


1 Seventh Grade


1.1 Pure Substances Are Rarely Found in Nature
1.1.1 Some Methods of Physically Separating Substances
1.1.1.1 Where Did the Salt Go? - Separation by Solution I
1.1.1.2 Why Fish Can Breathe - Separation by Solution II - Air in Water
1.1.1.3 On the Gold Diggers' Trail - Decantation
1.1.1.4 Salt from Blood and Claws - Evaporation
1.1.1.5 Your Own Sewage Treatment Plant - Filtering - Water Purification
1.1.1.6 A Miraculous Method of Bleaching - Distillation
1.1.1.7 Like a Gem - Crystallization
1.1.1.8 Who is Who? - Difference between Mixtures and Compounds
1.1.2 Dissolving Bonds by Chemical Reaction
1.1.2.1 Carbon from Sugar - How Sugar Carbonizes
1.1.2.2 The Effervescent Powder Factory - Releasing Carbon Dioxide
1.1.3 Chemical Elements Can be Derived from Compounds
1.1.3.1 Black from White - Extracting Carbon
1.1.3.2 The Golden Nail - Copper from a Copper Sulfate Solution
1.1.3.3 The Reflector Tube - Extracting Silver by Reduction

1.2 Electrical Conduction and Insulators
1.2.1 Conductivity of Different Materials
1.2.1.1 When Does the Light Bulb Burn? - Electrical Conductivity of Solid Materials
1.2.1.2 Following in Ritter's Footsteps - Electrical Conductivity of Fluids
1.2.2 Bonding of Ions (Ion Lattice, Ion Movement)
1.2.2.1 It Doesn't Dissolve! - Solubility of Salts in Water - Dependent on Temperature
1.2.2.2 Remarkably Unremarkable - Extracting Salt - Copper Sulfate
1.2.2.3 Color Comes with Water - Crystallized Water
1.2.2.4 Like a Hygrometer - Crystallized Water - Cobalt Chloride
1.2.2.5 The Wanderers - Ions Move at Different Speeds

1.3 Deriving New Substances by Electrical Current
1.3.1 Electrolysis of a Salt Solution
1.3.1.1 Brown Stripes - Electrolysis of a Zinc Oxide Solution
1.3.1.2 The Reverse - Electrolysis of a Copper Sulfate Solution
1.3.1.3 Exchanging Electrodes - Electrolysis of a Sodium Sulfate Solution
1.3.2. Technical Significance of Electrolysis
1.3.2.1 Signs of Decay - Electrolytic Refinement of Copper
1.3.2.2 The Decorative Key - Copper Plating a Key


2 Eighth Grade

2.1 Chemistry: The World of Substances
2.1.1 Changing the Characteristics of Substances - Typical Features of Reactions
2.1.1.1 Two Color Printing - Color
2.1.1.2 Gas Is Free - Development of Gases
2.1.1.3 The Red Flame of Alcohol - Light, Heat, Color
2.1.1.4 But, But ... - Smell 2.1.2 Difference between Physical and Chemical Characteristics and Phenomena
2.1.2.1 Sweet and Smoky - Sugar - Physically and Chemically 2.1.2.2 Violet-Blue Smoke and the Cure for Goiter - Iodine - Physically and Chemically

2.2 Water Seen Chemically
2.2.1 Composition of Water
2.2.1.1 The Water Maker - Reduction of Water
2.2.2 Reaction of Water and Oxygen
2.2.2.1 Oxyhydrogen - Test for Oxyhydrogen
2.2.3 Different Characteristics of Water Compounds with Hydrogen and Oxygen
2.2.3.1 Why an Iceberg Floats - Expansion of Water while Freezing
2.2.3.2 The Red Geyser - Density of Water
2.2.3.3 Burning Foam - Combustion of Hydrogen
2.2.3.4 The Splint Test - Extracting Oxygen - Testing for Oxygen
2.2.4 Water as a Pure Substance and a Solvent
2.2.4.1 Almost Invisible - Solids in Water
2.2.4.2 Similar Things Dissolve in Each Other - Fluids in Water
2.2.4.3 Gasoline Spill - Water Pollution by Gasoline - Water Purification
2.2.5 Oxidation and Reduction
2.2.5.1 The Magic Straw - Iron Rusts
2.2.5.2 Exploding Dust - Rapid Combustion
2.2.5.3 Charcoal is Very Active - Reduction
2.2.6 Energy in Reactions (Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions)
2.2.6.1 It Depends on Heat - Endothermic Phenomenon
2.2.6.2 Pocket Warmer - Exothermic Phenomenon

2.3 Chemicals in Daily Life - It All Depends on the Dosage
2.3.1 Dosage - Concentration
2.3.1.1 Looking for PPM - Series of Dilutions - Potassium Permanganate
2.3.2 Using Household Chemicals
2.3.2.1 Clean as a Whistle - Ammonium Chloride in Household Cleaners
2.3.3 Using Flammables and Solvents - Preventing Fires
2.3.3.1 Starving - Removing the Flammable Substance
2.3.3.2 Cold Shock - Cooling Below Combustion Temperature
2.3.3.3 Never with Water - Removing Oxygen
2.3.3.4 Beware of High Pressure - How a Fire Extinguisher Works

2.4 Acids and Bases in Daily Life
2.4.1 Testing for Acidic and Basic Substances in Water Solutions Using Indicators
2.4.1.1 Kitchen Chemistry - Testing for Acids and Bases Using Indicators
2.4.2 Measuring pH Levels
2.4.2.1 Almost Homeopathy - Changing pH Values by Dilution
2.4.3 Electrical Conductivity of Acids and Bases
2.4.3.1 Acidic Conductors? - Testing the Electrical Conductivity of Acids
2.4.3.2 Basic Conductors? - Testing the Electrical Conductivity of Bases
2.4.4 Hydrochloric, Sulfuric, Nitric and Acetic Acid
2.4.4.1 Wait Until It Gets Dark - Testing for Hydrochloric Acid
2.4.4.2 The Thirsty Gas - Hydrogen Chloride Is Hydroscopic
2.4.4.3 Not Only for X-Rays - Testing for Sulfation
2.4.4.4 Aqua Fortis - Nitric Acid - Metals - Metallic Oxides
2.4.4.5 Copper's Enemy - How Patina Develops
2.4.5 Sodium Solution, Dissolved Calcium, Ammonia
2.4.5.1 A Slippery Affair - Sodium Solution is Soapy and Basic
2.4.5.2 Beware of the Chalk Pit - Slaking Calcium by Raising the Temperature - Basic Reaction
2.4.5.3 November Fog - Extracting Ammonium Chloride
2.4.6 Neutralization
2.4.6.1 The Gypsum Factory - Neutralization

2.5 Air: the Life Element
2.5.1 Composition of Air (Nitrogen, Oxygen)
2.5.1.1 Beware: Shortage of Air! - No Combustion Without Oxygen
2.5.1.2 Air Mofette - Extracting Nitrogen
2.5.2 Combustion - Flames - Breathing
2.5.2.1 The Glowing Spot - Soot - Burning Soot
2.5.2.2 Fiery Games - Experiments with Candle and Burner Flames
2.5.2.3 Take Your Breath Away - Testing for Carbon Dioxide in Exhaled Air
2.5.3 Oxides Are Produced by Elements Reacting with Oxygen
2.5.3.1 White Hot - Behavior of Sheet Metals When Heated
2.5.3.2 What the Romans Drank From - Reduction of Lead Oxide
2.5.4 Air Pollution Resulting from Combustion - (Carbon Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide)
2.5.4.1 The Burned-out Splint - Extracting Carbon Dioxide - Extinguishing
2.5.4.2 Who Swallowed the Gas? - Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water
2.5.4.3 Also Works against Smoke Stack Fires - Characteristics of Sulfur Dioxide
2.5.4.4 The Gas Mask - Adsorption of Sulfur Dioxide by Activated Charcoal
2.5.5 Other Pollutants (Dust)
2.5.5.1 Only Flies are Kept Out - Air Pollution due to Dust

2.6 Natural Substances and Synthetic Products
2.6.1 The Elements Sodium and Chloride (Alkali Compounds, Halogen Compounds)
2.6.1.1 Preparatory Chemistry - Making Sodium Thiosulfate
2.6.1.2 Photo Laboratory - Sodium Thiosulfate as a Fixing Salt
2.6.1.3 The Bacteria Killer - Extracting Chlorine - Characteristics
2.6.2 Comparison of Table Salt as a Natural Substance and a Synthetic Product
2.6.2.1 Nature versus Synthesis - Experiments with Sodium Chloride - Natural and Synthetic Substance
2.6.3 Table Salt (Sodium Chloride) - Some Characteristics
2.6.3.1 Everything Stays the Same - Solution and Recrystallization of Sodium Chloride
2.6.3.2 Learning from Nature - Experimental Model of a Salt Bed
2.6.4 Electrolysis of Table Salt
2.6.4.1 Poor Table Salt - Electrolysis of a Table Salt Solution
2.7 Substances in the Working World
2.7.1 Iron
2.7.1.1 Colorful Palette - Hardening and Tempering Steel: Annealing Color
2.7.1.2 Cars Rust Quickly in Winter - Accelerating Rusting with Sodium Chloride
2.7.2 Aluminum
2.7.2.1 A Burning Metal - Effect of Oxygen in Air on Aluminum
2.7.2.2 Colored Sheeting - Anodizing and Coloring Aluminum
2.7.3 Fertilizer
2.7.3.1 Kastner's Idea - Testing for Mineral Substances in Wood Ash
2.7.4 Mineral Building Materials
2.7.4.1 Degassed Rock - Lime Burning - Mass Reduction
2.7.4.2 Plaster - Finger - Making a Plaster Cast
2.7.4.3 A Hard Test - Hardening Mortar by Absorption of Water
2.7.4.4 Brickyard - Firing Clay Bricks - Characteristics
2.7.5 Carbon
2.7.5.1 A Small Coking Plant - Composition of Bituminous and Ligneous Coal
2.7.6 Natural Gas and Petroleum Products
2.7.6.1 Gas from the Earth's Crust - Composition of Natural Gas
2.7.6.2 About 150 Hydrocarbons - Characteristics of Gasoline
2.7.6.3 Winter Oil - A Lubricant's Viscosity Depends on the Temperature
2.7.7 Some Hydrocarbons
2.7.7.1 A Sniffing Substance - Dissolving Grease with Bexane
2.7.7.2 The Three-Armed "Ene" - The Unsaturated Carbon Acetylene
2.7.7.3 When Does Candle Wax Melt? - The Melting of Paraffin

2.8 Chemistry - Natural and Industrial Synthetics
2.8.1 Photosynthesis
2.8.1.1 Natural Colors - Chromatography - Chlorophyll
2.8.1.2 The Little Cell - Testing for Cellulose in Different Kinds of Paper and in Cotton Batten
2.8.2 Wood, cellulose
2.8.2.1 The Poor Charcoal Burner - Dry Distillation from Wood
2.8.2.2 Lignin - Testing for Lignin
2.8.3 Natural and Synthetic Fibers
2.8.3.1 What is the Sweater Made of? - Testing the Inflammability of Different Fibers
2.8.4 Plastics
2.8.4.1 Sorting - Sorting out PE, PS and PVC
2.8.4.2 Only Half as Heavy as Aluminum - Experiment with Polyvinyl Chloride
2.8.5 Caoutchouc, Rubber
2.8.5.1 Goodyear's Discovery - Testing for Sulfur in Rubber
2.9 Alcohol and Carbonic Acids
2.9.1 Ethanol and Alcoholic Fermentation
2.9.1.1 High Spirits - Characteristics of Ethanol
2.9.1.2 Alcotest - Testing for Alcohol in Wine
2.9.1.3 A Speedy Must - Alcoholic Fermentation Using Yeast
2.9.2 Comparing Bases and Alcohol
2.9.2.1 Almost a Base - Comparing Ethanol and Sodium Solution with an Indicator
2.9.2.2 Only One Conductor - Comparing the Conductivity of Ethanol and Sodium Solution
2.9.3 Other Alcohols
2.9.3.1 The Other Alcohol - Differentiating Simple and Polyvalent Alcohols
2.9.4 Acetic Fermentation, Acetic Acid
2.9.4.1 Sour Beer - Vinegar from Ethanol
2.9.4.2 Which Acid Is It? - Testing for Acetic Acid
2.9.5 Carbonic Acids
2.9.5.1 The Sourmaker - Testing for Lactic Acid in Sour Milk
2.9.6 Ester Formation
2.9.6.1 Mentha Piperita - Testing for Benzoic Acid - Ethyl Benzoate

2.10 Foods - Nutrients
2.10.1.1 What Removes the Spot? - Solubility of Oil in Different Fluids
2.10.1.2 The Grease Spot - Extracting Grease
2.10.2 Carbohydrates
2.10.2.1 What Are the Diet Killers Made of? - Chemical Composition of Glucose, Saccharose and Starch
2.10.2.2 Raisin Juice - Testing for Dextrose or Monosaccharides
2.10.2.3 Kitchen Duty - Testing for Rice and Potato Starch
2.10.2.4 Spittoon - Separating Starch and Glucose by Amylasis with Saliva
2.10.3 Proteins
2.10.3.1 Proteins for Vegetarians - Testing for Proteins in Foods
2.10.3.2 White - Red - Black - Testing for Nitrogen and Sulfur in Protein
2.10.3.3 Fever! - Denaturing Protein with Heat
2.10.4 Vitamins
2.10.4.1 The Anti-Scurvy Vitamin - Vitamin C Test with Methylene Blue
2.10.5 Minerals
2.10.5.1 Petit-lait - Making Whey - Testing for Phosphate, Chloride, Sodium and Potassium
2.10.6 Conserving Foods
2.10.6.1 Cold Shock - Deep Freezing Foods
2.10.6.2 Ingredient for a Cereal - Conserving by Drying

2.11 Substances for Cleaning and Hygiene
2.11.1 Detergents
2.11.1.1 The Retreat - Making Visible and Reducing the Surface Tension of Water
2.11.1.2 Dishwater - Detergent as a Dirt Trap
2.11.2 Hard and Soft Water
2.11.2.1 How Hard Is Water? - Testing for Calcium in Different Water Samples
2.11.3 Soaps
2.11.3.1 Soapmaker - Making Soap
2.11.4 Spot Remover
2.11.4.1 The Spot Remover - Removing Spots with Benzine